![]() ![]() Duration of stage 2 may be up to 3 h in a primipara (4 h with epidural) or 2 h in a.Should undergo operative delivery, has been identified. No absolute maximum length of time spent in stage 2 of labor, after which all women.Tion, in stage 2 maternal pushing efforts are vitally important to augment the uterineĬontractions to bring about descent of the fetal presenting part. Whereas in stage 1 uterine contractions are the only force that acts on cervical dila.Is descent of the fetus through the birth canal. Stage 2 begins with complete cervical dilation and ends with delivery of the fetus. Simultaneous Normal and Abnormal Labor 14Īnd the National Board of Medical Examiners. Extension: movement of the fetal chin away from the thorax.Internal rotation: rotation of the position of the fetal head in the mid pelvis from.Flexion: placement of the fetal chin on the thorax.Descent: movement of the presenting part down through the curve of the birth canal.Engagement: movement of the presenting part below the plane of the pelvic inlet.In early labor (latent phase), the rate of dilation is slow,īut at 6 cm of dilation, the rate accelerates to a maximum rate in the active phase of labor.Ĭardinal Movements of Labor. ![]() This occurs as the passive lower uterine segment is thinned and pulled upīy the contractile upper segment. Lead to full effacement (100%) in which the cervix has no length and is paper-thin.Ĭervical Dilation. (0%) cervix assumed to be 2 cm long and 2 cm wide. Effacement is often expressed in percentages with the uneffaced Cervical softening and thinning occur as increasing levels of oxyto-Ĭin and prostaglandins lead to breakage of disulfide linkages of collagen fibers, resulting in The lower uterine segment, containing mostly collagen fibers, passively thins out withĬervical Effacement. The contractile upper uterine segment, containing mostly smooth muscleįibers, becomes thicker as labor progresses, exerting forces that expel the fetus down the birthĬanal. Of oxytocin and prostaglandins along with multiplication of specific receptors. These events are correlated with increasing levels Junctions between uterine myometrial cells. Increasing frequency of contractions is associated with the formation of gap Contractions will occur at least every 5 min lasting 30 s. Labor is a process whereby over time regular uterine contractions bring about progressiveĮffacement and dilation of the cervix, resulting in delivery of the fetus and expulsion of the ❏ Describe the risks and management of obstetric complications during labor OVERVIEW OF LABOR ❏ List the normal stages of labor and abnormalities that can occur in the process The condition of parallelism between the plane of the pelvis and that of the fetal head.Īnd the National Board of Medical Examiners. Complete BreechĪnd the National Board of Medical Examiners. USMLE® is a joint program of The Federation of State Medical Boards of the United States, Inc.Īnd the National Board of Medical Examiners. Compound: more than one anatomic part is presenting (e., head and upper extremity).Footling breech means thighs and legs extended.Complete breech means thighs and legs flexed.This is the only kind ofīreech that potentially could be safely delivered vaginally. Frank breech means thighs are flexed and legs extended.The major risk of vaginal breech delivery is Breech: feet or buttocks present first.The most common presentation is cephalic. Portion of the fetus overlying the pelvic inlet. Transverse: fetus at right angle to motherįigure I-13-1. Longitudinal: fetus and mother are in same vertical axis Orientation of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the uterus. ![]()
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